______________________________________ |////////////////////////////////////| |////////////////////////////////////| |//SYNDICATE ZMAGAZINE Issue #100//| |//================================//| |//Publisher/Editor| April 4, 1988 //| |// Ron Kovacs | Vol 3, No. 1 //| |//================|===============//| |//Asst Publisher |Managing Editor//| |// Ken Kirchner | Mr. Goodprobe //| |//================================//| |////////////////////////////////////| |////////////////////////////////////| |____________________________________| |SPC | |Post Office Box 74 | |Middlesex, New Jersey 08846-0074 | |____________________________________| |BBS #1: Syndicate (201) 968-8148 | |BBS #2: Stairway (216) 784-0574 | |____________________________________| |Contents | |____________________________________| |*|Editors Desk | |*|Communicating With Turbo Basic | |*|XEP80 Review (Yes Another One) | |*|Carina Update | |*|Commentary on Atari | |*|SPC Newswire | |_|__________________________________| ______________________________________ Editors Desk ______________________________________ by Ron Kovacs We are into the 4th month of 1988 and time seems to be flying past faster then ever. There never seems to be enough time to do anything!! Spring is here, Baseball season begins today and I am hoping the Mets go for it all in 1988! We have reached our first milestone with this weeks issue. Close to our second year and 100 issues later. I hope we have improved our style since our debut in May 1986. After doing this weekly for two years, one would think this would have to stop, well to comfort the many thinking we are going to quit, Forget it! We are going to cover the 8 bit till there are 3 users left! (Lets just hope I dont have to eat my words next month) In other news this week, CompuServe's SIG*Atari and given Zmag it's own Data Library. In this new area, you will find reprints of past articles, past issues, utilities, and other items of interest. We encourage the User Group Editors out there to download the articles and use in your local newsletters! Many thanks to Ron Luks and Mike Schoenbach for their assistance! We are currently discussing plans for a Zmag contest, good prizes are being located and details will be released in about 2 weeks. Stay Tuned!!!! ______________________________________ Communicating with Turbo-Basic XL ______________________________________ by Art Horan When I heard that people were having trouble getting an R: handler to work with Turbo-Basic XL, I figured, -What's the problem? R: handlers are relocatable so it should be easy getting one to work with Turbo.- Well, I eventually did manage to get the handler installed and working, and the solution did turn out to be simple, but not so easy. First, I thought, why not just tack the handler onto the end of the Turbo- Basic XL binary load file using the DOS copy-with-append function? But I rejected that notion, figuring that Turbo-Basic would not return control to the DOS binary load routine. (Later I tried this and found that not only doesn't the handler load, but Turbo- Basic wouldn't run either and I wound up back at the DOS menu.) Okay, the R: handler doesn't need to load _chronologically_ after Turbo, only after it in memory. The handler always tries to load in at the lowest unused memory location, and Turbo- Basic XL also loads into low memory, so we have to find a way to keep them from using the same memory area. The OS has a variable called MEMLO which keeps track of the lowest free byte in memory. MEMLO is at memory location 743. If we PRINT DPEEK(743) from Turbo-Basic, we get a value of 13865, which translates to $3629 hex. So, I thought, let's create a binary header to load 2 bytes into MEMLO, and the 2 bytes will be $29 and $36 - the low- byte, high-byte way of expressing the value $3629. Next append RS232.SYS to this, and we'll have a new handler which will install itself above Turbo- Basic's memory area. Now, I thought, we can load Turbo from DOS, or append it to the altered RS232.SYS and rename the whole thing to AUTORUN. Well, it seemed like a good idea, so I tried it. And the system crashed. Although I did hear the whine of the handler downloading just before the system locked. Turbo-Basic XL has a statement called -BRUN-, which will load and run any binary file. So why not BRUN -D:RS232.SYS-. I tried it. The system crashed. Ah-hah! I thought. I bet I'm trying to load the handler into Turbo-Basic's program area. So I did a DPEEK(128), which is where we find BASIC's LOMEM variable (in both the Atari and Turbo- XL versions). This points to the beginning of the program area. It read $3629. So, I thought let's see what happens to LOMEM if I change MEMLO. I DPOKEd 743,$5000. LOMEM still read $3629. So then I typed NEW. Voila! LOMEM now read $5000. The Basic program area was now safely out of the way. Now, let's put MEMLO back to $3629 and BRUN the handler. The system didn't crash. I even heard the whine of the handler downloading from my P: R: Connection, but when I tried to open the R: device, the system crashed! I was mystified. I disassembled RS232.SYS and modified it so the first thing it would do is change MEMLO to read $3629. Then I tried to boot Turbo with the handler. The system crashed! So I tried to boot this handler with Atari Basic. You guessed it - the system crashed! Hmmm, why did it crash with Atari Basic? I took another look at the disassembled RS232.SYS and figured it out. With Memlo at $3629 the RS232.SYS code was trying to download the handler on top of itself - a definite no-no. So I changed RS232.SYS to bump MEMLO up to $4000, safely above both T-Basic and itself. This worked fine with Atari Basic, so at least I knew I had solved that part. After BASIC loaded with the handler, MEMLO was up to $4715. (This is with my P:R: Connection, with the 850, it might be something else.) Next came what I thought would be the hard part - changing Turbo Basic to set the new higher MEMLO. But it was very easy. The first 8 bytes of the Turbo BASIC file are the 6-byte header to load into MEMLO and then a value of (surprise) $3629. All you have to do is use a disk editor to change the 7th and 8th bytes of the file to point to the desired new MEMLO ($4715 for my P:R:C -- but do it lo-byte, hi-byte of course). It worked. So simple, yet so elusive. We could just quit here with a working R: handler, but let's try some other things. First let's see if we can BRUN the revised handler. Yup, if we reset the program area as above, all we have to do is -BRUN D:RS232TB.SYS- (which is what I named the revised handler). It works fine, but for some reason doesn't survive Reset. As a matter of fact, our earlier procedure with the stock RS232.SYS also works if we reset the program area and then reset MEMLO to $4000 instead of $3629. But do we really have to set MEMLO that high to get the handler to download? Let's try $3900, the next memory page after the RS232 download code. That works too, and our eventual MEMLO with Turbo-Basic is $4015, saving almost 2K. Not only that but we can create a binary header which loads $3900 into MEMLO as I tried to before and append the regular RS232.SYS file to it. And one last change: let's not alter the value that Turbo-Basic loads into MEMLO, let's leave that alone and instead change the address into which the value loads (bytes 3-7 of the Turbo-Basic XL file). If we load $3629 into location 711, all we are changing is 2 color registers. We don't need to change MEMLO because the handler already changed it to $4015 when it downloaded. This way we will know by the orange border color that we are loading the R: version of Turbo-Basic XL. Here is a short program in Turbo-Basic XL which you can use to produce an R: version of Turbo which will use the filename RTBASIC.COM: 100 DATA 255,255,231,2,232,2,0,57 110 DATA 199,2,200,2 120 DIM RTB$(24000),PATCH$(4) 130 ? CHR$(125);- RTBASIC.COM CREATOR by Art Horan -:? 140 ? -THIS PROGRAM CREATES AN R: VERSION OF TURBO-BASIC XL.-:? 150 FOR I=1 TO 8:READ A:RTB$(I,I)=CHR$(A):NEXT I 160 FOR I=1 TO 4:READ A:PATCH$(I,I)=CHR$(A):NEXT I 170 PRINT -INSERT DISK WITH RS232.SYS IN DRIVE 1 AND PRESS A KEY-:GET A 180 TRAP 200:CLOSE #1:OPEN #1,4,0,-D:RS232.SYS- 190 BGET #1,ADR(RTB$)+8,1024 200 CLOSE #1:BYTES=DPEEK(856):IF ERR<>136 THEN ? CHR$(253);-ERROR -;ERR:END 210 ? :? BYTES;- BYTES IN RS232.SYS READ.- 220 RTB$(LEN(RTB$)+BYTES+1)=-- 230 ?: ? -INSERT DISK WITH TBASIC.COM IN DRIVE 1AND PRESS A KEY-:GET A 240 TRAP 260:OPEN #1,4,0,-D:TBASIC.COM-:START=LEN(RTB$) 250 BGET #1,ADR(RTB$)+START,21000 260 CLOSE #1:BYTES=DPEEK(856) 270 IF ERR<>136 THEN ? CHR$(253);-ERROR -;ERR:END 280 ? :? BYTES;- BYTES IN TBASIC.COM READ.- 290 RTB$(LEN(RTB$)+BYTES+1)=-- 300 RTB$(START+3,START+7)=PATCH$ 310 ? :? -INSERT DISK IN DRIVE ONE TO RECEIVE RTBASIC.COM AND PRESS A KEY.-:GET A 320 TRAP 340:OPEN #1,8,0,-D1:RTBASIC.COM- 330 BPUT #1,ADR(RTB$),LEN(RTB$) 340 CLOSE #1:IF ERR<>136:? CHR$(253);-ERROR -;ERR:ELSE :? :? -FINISHED!-:ENDIF 350 END ______________________________________ XEP80 Review ______________________________________ by John Castravet I have waited a long time for the release of the XEP80 card for the Atari computers. For all of this time I kept on feeding on various speculative articles that appeared in ANALOG Computing and Antic, The Atari Resource. All that talk about a built- in 16K or 32K of memory, increased horizontal resolution that would have made the 8 bit GEM a possibility. Finally, a few days ago I have received mine via UPS. And was I disappointed. Well, no 32K memory built-in, not even 16K. The horizontal resolution is still kept at 320 in graphics mode, while in text mode a matrix of 5X9 including descenders makes itself barely noticeable. That means that text looks almost the same as any good public domain 80 column simulator software in the public domain and on most bulletin boards. Well, maybe a little better. All this on a monochrome monitor. On a color monitor the quality is somewhat less, but the difference is not dramatic. If the signal is fed into the luminance input of a monitor with separate luminance and chroma inputs, versus the composite NTSC input of a color monitor, the quality is a little better with the former monitor. But still the picture is white on black. Oh, yes, or black on white. There was a hand written note in the package attesting to the fact that only software that uses the legal CIO vector to the E: and S: devices will work with the XEP80. This sounds like passing the blame to software authors. Of the little software that's left and supposed to be working with the XEP80 (software that does legal screen or editor access), most of it will still not work, at least properly. Why? Gone are all the features that made the Atari computer a superior 8 bit machine. Features as Display List Interrupts, Vertical Blank Interrupts and Player/Missile Graphics are all gone. They probably went to join the SETCOLOR and DRAWTO commands. All these are still accessible in the 40 column mode, but... Also gone is the , CHR$(253) sound. The above mention note also said something about having to readjust the horizontal hold of the monitor. I had to readjust the vertical hold, while the horizontal hold just moved the picture to the right of the screen to bring in the 2 characters that were otherwise missing. The display is supposed to be 80 columns by 25 lines. A simple count revealed that it displayed about 74 columns by 23 lines. Now, this cannot be a problem with the monitor itself, since it displays the standard Atari video output in 40 column by 24 lines with ample amount of border around. Even when the 25 line from ICD's RTime 8 is displayed there is still border left on the top and bottom of the picture. So the XEP80 is over-scanning. Incidentally, forget about the familiar time and date display if you are using SpartaDos and RTime 8. Then there is the built in printer interface. I wonder how many Atari users out there who own a standard printer (parallel Centronics) do not have some kind of Atari 850, ICS's P:R } Connection or some other type of printer interface. This feature alone will not probably make somebody look into the XEP80 more deeply. They might as well stuck on the front of the box an LCD watch, the type that one is used these days on seeing on almost everything. In conclusion I view the XEP80 more like a gimmick. Atari should have used the parallel port instead of the joystick port, and design it in such a way that it keeps up with the reputation the Atari computers have gained based on their graphics capability. It should have also a separate chroma/luma output as well as the composite NTSC one. Before I build some kind of a switching box, I would have to do quite a lot of plugging and unplugging of video cables. It is true, Atari makes great computers, but when it comes to peripherals you should better look at somebody else's product line. Just look at the Percom, Indus and Rana disk drives, drives that support true double density and were available before Atari introduced their own -double density- 1050 drives. Now they came out with the XF-551. Isn't it a little too late? Luckily for third party developers like ICD, OSS and Batteries Included, or just simple, regular computer hackers, who made possible 256K, 576K and even 2Meg available, we have one of the most powerful 8 bit machine there is. We, Atari users brag about our systems everywhere, trying to attract new people, while Atari comes out with something like the XEP80 or even the XE GS (a full fledged 65XE computer without the keyboard that sells for more). Come on Atari, give us a break. Let's just hope that the XF-551 drive and the SX212 modem are worth their while. ______________________________________ Carina Update ______________________________________ by Ron Kovacs In a near future edition, We are going to take another look at the Carina BBS software. Beta test site, The Lions Den BBS will be visited and we will capture and include commentary and update information. The reason we have choosen to do another review is because each Carina System can be different and highly modified. The Lions Den BBS, well known in modem land, has been helpful in the development of the Carina Software, and another view looks exciting. Stay tuned for more information in the weeks ahead. ______________________________________ Commentary ______________________________________ Reprinted from the April issue of the CLAUG Newsletter. Behind the 8-Bit ---------------- by Dirk VandenHeuvel This month I will finally tackle the subject I have been putting off for so long and tear into Atari for their lack of marketing and support. So without further ado.. Atari has stabbed all of us Atari 8-bit owners in the back. From the looks of things, Atari's motto should be changed from -Power without the Price- to -Power without the Support.- Atari makes the most powerful home computers on the market, both 8-bit and 16-bit alike. When it comes to the hardware, we are in a class by ourselves. This is what makes their lack of support all the more frustrating. Unlike the Coleco Adam, or Timex Sinclair, or a host of other orphaned and unsupported computers, we cannot upgrade to a better made and better supported machine. There is no machine that is better made, only ones better supported. So we are forced to compromise, either stay with your superior Atari computer with lousy support or switch to an inferior computer with better support. It is unfortunate that Atari has put us in this akward position. Unfortunate because with the proper support and marketing Atari could be at the top of the heap. There is simply no real reason for us to have to switch machines. We already have the best made machine, we only need support and marketing for it to simply be the best. Atari needs to sport a higher profile and advertise more. Advertising is needed so that people who don't know about Atari or Atari computers will consider them when making a purchase. In regards to marketing Atari needs to remember that when it comes to game machines Atari needs to compete not only with Sega and Nintendo, but also with Commodore. And there is much to be learned, if Atari is listening, from all three of those companies. For one, look at how Sega and Nintendo are operating. They are marketing themselves as being on the cutting edge, both with their hardware and their software. They are selling games that are new and exciting, many fresh from the arcades, others quickly licensed from the big software companies. What does Atari do? It goes back and re-releases old programs, some over five years old. The art of game design has progressed considerably in just the last two years, to go back to games written earlier than that seems a foolish way to showcase and sell your machine. Furthermore where Sega and Nintendo have been quick to develop, release, and support hardware for their machines Atari has not. Witness the multitude of controllers, including the light gun and 3-D glasses available for those other systems contrasted with the meager offerings from Atari. The Atari Light Gun should have been available seperately, along with the Bug Hunt cart, from day one. By not doing so Atari turned its back on all the loyal Atari owners who would have liked to buy one. But, in the area where Atari has an edge it has failed to exploit it. This is a lesson that Atari would be well to learn from Commodore. That lesson is that just like the C64, the Atari XEGS is not just a game machine, but also an advanced computer. This is a strength not a weakness, and it should be played up, not pushed under the rug. Commodore has seen this and their ads emphasize not only the games you can play on the C64 (more numerous than on ANY other system), but also all the OTHER things you can do with it. I have yet to see a similar Atari commercial or ad (if Atari's interested I have an idea for just such a commercial). But, Atari much more than Commodore needs to do something. The Commodore is still the first machine to get new games released for it, and its software base is still growing and going strong, unlike Atari's which is getting smaller. Sega and Nintendo have seen this and are playing a good game of catch up. Atari should realize that it must do the same. By adopting the strategy of getting the licenses for the best new games and developing their own, rather than releasing old and often dated ones. Atari should then go on to sell their machines like Commodore does, as both a game machine and computer all wrapped up in one. Atari could take another cue from Commodore when it comes to support. Commodore has released a large amount of hardware for its 8-bit line, from their 3 1/2- disk drive for the C64, and plug-in RAM expanders, to their most recent release, a new 8-bit computer, the C128D. The C128D besides sporting a built-in disk drive has also a built-in 80 column board. However, unlike Atari they decided to give it 64k of dedicated RAM, whereas our vaunted XEP80 has only 8k. And the XEP80 costs about a 1/5 of what a C128D does. Furthermore unlike the 80 column display on the Commodore, which actually has programs to use it, the Atari as of now has no commercial programs designed for the XEP80. But, maybe I should have expected this from a company that two years ago when asked about GEOS, called it an interesting novelty. Well, that novelty has gone on to found a major software company (now planning to expand into Apple products, NOT Atari) and has breathed new life into the Commodore 64. When I asked John Skruch two years ago why Atari was not developing something like GEOS he replied that Atari was waiting for the neccesary hardware. They had the mouse, but they needed the 80 column board and a higher capacity disk drive. No matter that GEOS waited for neither on the Commodore. But, wait, here we are two years later, with the 80 column board and the new drive and we still have no program like GEOS. In fact we don't even have an Atari DOS that supports the new DD/DS drive to its full potential because ADOS is not ready yet. Never mind the delay with the release of the official version of SX-Express for the SX212 modem. Atari is obviously doing something wrong. The question is, where is Atari going astray. Are we the users not making our preferences and our concerns known? I don't think so. All one has to do is read the messages on GEnie or Compuserve or the articles in the User Group Newsletters across the country and you can see that the 8-bit Atari owners feel like they have been left out in the cold. Atari for too long has depended on us, the users, and the nebulous -third party- companies, to do their job for them. To do their advertising, their selling, and even their job of support. Forget the loss of the toll-free customer service line, that was no big deal, but when the Atari authorized service center became a thing of ancient mythology we've got problems- right here in River City. What does Atari need to do? First, Atari needs to be advertising their products more vigorously. Then they need to make sure that those products are available- all around the country. The average consumer should not have to be Ellery Queen to find the nearest Atari dealer. Next Atari needs to ready and release all the hardware and software that has been promised up to now. It should then start work on releasing the kinds of products we Atari owners need and want, both hardware and software. Next Atari should be getting the licenses to the newest and hottest games out now, instead of looking through the bargain bins for last year's has beens. This would also save them money in advertising, as these are the games that are advertised by their publishers anyway. All Atari would need to do is let people know that the program is available on the Atari as well. Atari also needs to be getting on the phone with the big software companies and letting them know Atari is still around. When I talked to Origins about Ultima V they told me they wanted to release an Atari version, but had no inside programmers to spare for the project and they were looking for an outside programmer to do the port. Where is Atari? When I talked to Interstel about an Atari version of Star Fleet II they said sales had been very disappointing on Star Fleet One and they were going to pass. But, why doesn't Atari offer to port it? Finally, when I talked to Microprose last year about an Atari version of Gunship they complained that most Atari owners only had 48k and they couldn't do the game in that little space. They were going by figures they had from some survey over a year old. Why didn't Atari set them straight with some CURRENT figures? Atari needs to be needling, pleading, and cajoling these software companies into supporting the Atari. They need to do more. It's not my job to do for Atari what other computer companies do for themselves. Atari has the best computers around, and in my opinion they also have some of the best users. Atari has some of the best businessmen around running the show, but if they want to be the best computer company around they need to work harder on marketing and supporting their products. Only then can the Atari computer truly be called the best- without qualification. Next month, my last column and a wrap up of some of the new PD and commercial software out and my long awaited review of Quickcode. Have a nice month! ______________________________________ SPC Newswire ______________________________________ SOFTWARE PIRATES FACE NEW SUITS =============================== By Don Clark Chronicle staff writer (reprinted from the San Francisco Chronicle) Oakland,Ca-- Top software publishers are vowing an agressive new round of joint piracy lawsuits against U.S. corporations and others that make unauthorized copies of programs. A joint anti-piracy campaign, announced Sunday, is being pushed and largely funded by industry giants Microsoft, Lotus Development, Ashton- Tate and Word Perfect. It includes a litigation fund of undisclosed size that will be coordinated by the 320 member Software Publishers Association, which is having an annual conference at the Claremont Hotel here this week. The SPA says it has already identified several offenders. They range from mail-o} rder firms that have made a business of pirating software to companies and universities that buy one copy of a program and illegally make multiple copies for internal use. -I think we've found some good targets,- said Ken Wasch, the SPA's executive director. -You'll see some suits very soon.- The joint effort parallels similar actions taken in recent months to crack down on foreigh sellers of pirate software. The focus on copyright issues also coincides with a raging controversy triggered by Apple Computer Inc., which filed a lawsuit on March 17 that accuses Hewlett- Packard Co. and Microsoft Corp. of illegally copying the visual displays of Apple's Macintosh computer. Though unauthorized duplication is believed to be widespread at large U.S. companies, software publishers have been reluctant to go after them in court. For one thing, those companies may be large software customers. They also have ample resources to fight a lawsuit. That reluctance has ended, Wasch said. One key reason is the phasing out of copy protection built into program diskettes, due to the widespread opposition of software customers. Lotus, for example, has announced plans to remove the electronic protection from a new version of its top selling 1-2-3 program being released next fall. -Since copy protection has been removed, the entire industry is at the mercy of an honor system of users,- Wasch said. The SPA named Joe Bainton, a New York attorney with a reputation for agressive litigation, to carry out the suits against the pirates. R. Duff Thompson, general counsel of the Utah based Word Perfect, will serve as chairman of the association's litigation fund. Major software companies banded together once before on domestic piracy under the auspices of ADAPSO, the computer software and services industries association. It also set up a litigation fund, but brought only one suit in 1985 before focusing mainly on educating corporations about software piracy laws. In other matters, software industry executives said Apple's suit casts a cloud over future development of software based on Microsoft's Windows program for IBM-compatible computers. Phillipe Kahn, chief executive of Scotts Valley based Borland International, was roundly applauded for proposing that the SPA set up an arbitration system so that copyright disputes between companies are not settled by judges and juries. -Apple's telling us Microsoft Windows has AIDS,' Borland said. -We're anxiously waiting to hear that the tests come back negative.- SPA TO SETTLE SUIT ================== Online Today reported this week that Apple Computer's recent -look-and- feel- lawsuit should be settled, not in the courts, but by the Software Publishers Association, Borland International founder/President Phillipe Kahn said in his keynote address at the SPA's spring symposium here. MICROSOFT SAYS APPLE COMPUTER'S COPYRIGHT LAWSUIT HAS NO MERIT =============================== REDMOND, Wash. (MARCH 21) BIZWIRE - Thursday, Apple Computer filed suit against Hewlett-Packard and Microsoft Corp. for alleged copyright infringement. As to Microsoft, the complaint alleges that the visual displays of Microsoft Windows 2.03 violate Apple copyrights. After careful review of the complaint and a 1985 license agreement between Apple and Microsoft, Microsoft is convinced that the case has no merit. Microsoft has not exceeded the license agreement, nor has it infringed any Apple copyrights or patents. Specifically, no visual displays in Microsoft Windows 2.03 exceed the 1985 agreement. William H. Neukom, vice president of law and corporate affairs, said ''We are puzzled that Apple has brought this suit in light of the 1985 license agreement between us. ''That agreement covers visual displays, and we are in full compliance with that agreement. We have not infringed any copyright or patent held by Apple.'' Microsoft Corp. (NASDAQ:MSFT) develops, markets and supports a wide range of software for business and professional use, including operating systems language, and application programs, as well as books and hardware for the microcomputer marketplace. APPLE COMPUTER CO-FOUNDER STEVE JOBS DODGES QUESTIONS ON NEW COMPUTER ==================================== BERKELEY, Calif. (MARCH 29) UPI - Steve Jobs, the mercurial entrepreneur who co-founded Apple Computer Inc., dodged questions Tuesday about a new computer he has promised to deliver to the market in early 1988. ''I wish I could tell you about our product today,'' Jobs told an annual meeting of the Software Publishers Association in Berkeley. ''I cannot,'' Jobs said, telling an audience of approximately 200 that he will introduce what is expected to be a computer workstation for use in colleges ''when it's ready''. Jobs, who has founded a new company called NeXT Inc. to produce a machine to fit his vision of the needs of academia, explained his silence by saying, ''a young company needs the advantage of surprise.'' But he described the machine under production as ''the best product that I've ever seen in my life. The product that we're working on will speak louder than anything I can say.'' Jobs also expressed puzzlement over a copyright infringement lawsuit recently filed by Apple Computer against two other computer companies, Microsoft Corp., of Redmond, Wash., and Hewlett-Packard Co., of Palo Alto, Calif. The suit alleges that Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard illegally copied the audio-visual display of Apple's Macintosh computer in designing their own software. Jobs urged software developers in the audience to ''express themselves'' on the subject, saying the issue of copyrights and computer software is vital to innovation in the industry. ______________________________________ ZMagazine Issue #100 April 4, 1988 (c)1988 SPC/Ron Kovacs ______________________________________