ANGOLA GEOGRAPHY Total area: 1,246,700 km2; land area: 1,246,700 km2 Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas Land boundaries: 5,198 km total; Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110 km Coastline: 1,600 km Maritime claims: Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 20 nm Disputes: civil war since independence on 11 November 1975; on 31 May 1991 Angolan President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS and Jonas SAVIMBI, leader of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), signed a peace treaty that calls for multiparty elections between September and November 1992, an internationally monitored cease-fire, and termination of outside military assistance Climate: semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) Terrain: narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium Land use: arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and woodland 43%; other 32% Environment: locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on plateau; desertification Note: Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire PEOPLE Population: 8,668,281 (July 1991), growth rate 2.7% (1991) Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1991) Death rate: 20 deaths/1,000 population (1991) Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991) Infant mortality rate: 151 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) Life expectancy at birth: 42 years male, 46 years female (1991) Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1991) Nationality: noun--Angolan(s); adjective--Angolan Ethnic divisions: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico 2%, European 1%, other 22% Religion: indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (est.) Language: Portuguese (official); various Bantu dialects Literacy: 42% (male 56%, female 28%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) Labor force: 2,783,000 economically active; agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.) Organized labor: about 450,695 (1980) GOVERNMENT Long-form name: People's Republic of Angola Type: in transition from a one-party Marxist state to a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system Capital: Luanda Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (provincias, singular--provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire Independence: 11 November 1975 (from Portugal) Constitution: 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, and 6 March 1991 Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to accommodate multipartyism and increased use of free markets National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November (1975) Executive branch: president, chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet) Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Assembleia do Povo) Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacao) Leaders: Chief of State--President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); Head of Government--Fernando Jose Franca VAN DUNEM (since 21 July 1991) Political parties and leaders: only one party exists--the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola-Labor Party (MPLA), Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS--although others are expected to form as legalization of a multiparty system proceeds; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) lost to the MPLA and Cuban military support forces in the immediate postindependence struggle, but is to receive recognition as a legal party Suffrage: universal at age 18 Elections: first nationwide, multiparty elections to be held between September and November 1992 Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation: none Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle) ECONOMY Overview: Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80 to 90% of the population, but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is the most lucrative sector of the economy, contributing about 50% to GDP. In recent years, however, the impact of fighting an internal war has severely affected the nonoil economy, and food has to be imported. For the long run, Angola has the advantage of rich natural resources, notably gold, diamonds, and arable land. To realize its economic potential Angola not only must secure domestic peace but also must reform government policies that have led to distortions and imbalances throughout the economy. GDP: $7.9 billion, per capita $925; real growth rate 2.0% (1990 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 23.2% (1988) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $2.6 billion; expenditures $4.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $963 million (1990 est.) Exports: $3.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--oil,liquified petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton; partners--US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil, France Imports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial military deliveries; partners--US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil External debt: $7.0 billion (1990) Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum output Electricity: 506,000 kW capacity; 770 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1989) Industries: petroleum, diamonds, mining, fish processing, food processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cement, basic metal products Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, tobacco; food crops--cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas; livestock production accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of total agricultural output; disruptions caused by civil war and marketing deficiencies require food imports Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1,005 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion Currency: kwanza (plural--kwanza); 1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 lwei Exchange rates: kwanza (Kz) per US$1--29.62 (fixed rate since 1976) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge; limited trackage in use because of insurgent attacks; sections of the Benguela Railroad closed because of insurgency Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km Ports: Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda Merchant marine: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft Airports: 315 total, 183 usable; 28 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 58 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of wire, radio relay, and troposcatter routes; high frequency used extensively for military/Cuban links; 40,300 telephones; stations--17 AM, 13 FM, 2 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations DEFENSE FORCES Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense Organization and Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,080,837; 1,047,500 fit for military service; 92,430 reach military age (18) annually Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP